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Active and passive Instruments

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Active and Passive Instruments: Active and passive Instruments Passive Instruments: The instruments where the output is produced completely by the quantity that is measured are called passive instruments. The example of passive instrument is a pressure gauge.Fig  shows a pressure gauge. Passive  Instrument As the pressure in the liquid changes, the piston moves.The pointer is connected to the piston. No other source of energy is used. The liquid pressure is the only source. Thus,the piston and pointer movement while measurement is entirely dependent on the liquid pressure. Active Instruments: Active instruments are the instruments in which the quantity to be measured activates the magnitude of external power input source that produces the measurement. The liquid level indicator is an example of an active instrument.Fig.1.4.2 shows a liquid level indicator. Active Instruments The power source is required in or...
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Types of Electrical Energy

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 TYPES OF ELECTRIC ENERGY:     Electrical Energy in the methods of science,we immediately become suspicious of any scheme who claims to create energy. The law of conservation of energy is  that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. However, its form can be converted such that energy can be converted from one form of energy to another. Electric energy is the energy who converted from some other form. There are a numbers of way in which this is accomplished. Some of them are as follows: (1)Electrochemical energy conversion: Electric batteries produce electric energy with  the help of  conversion of chemical energy. A potentially important use of this type of batteries is in the electric car. Fuel cell is in this general classification. (2)Electromechanical energy conversion: The rotating generator produces electric energy from mechanical energy of rotation. Usually, the mechanical energy who converted from thermal ene...
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Basic Principles of Transducer

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Basic Principles of Transducer Pressure Transducer The task of a process control system is to control the physical parameters like force, pressure, level etc and to maintain their value near the desired value.This is because the physical parameters may vary due to disturbances. To maintain these parameters at a required level certain corrective action requires to be taken. Fig. shows a process control loop. Process control loop The process control loop consists of four blocks process,parameter measurement, control element and controller. It is essential to measure the actual value of parameter P to achieve proper feedback. Nowadays most of the controllers are electronic and hence they require an electrical input. Thus,the feedback signal is required in electrical form. The measurement block includes two functions like to measure the parameter and to produce a suitable analog signal in electric form. Sometimes the parameter measurement...
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BASIC OF CHARGE AND CURRENT

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 CHARGE AND CURRENT: CURRENT concept of charge is based on atomic theory. We know that all matter is made up of fundamental building blocks called atoms and that the atoms,in turn,are composed of different kinds of fundamental particles. The three most important particles are the electron,the proton,and the neutron. The electron possesses negative charge,the proton possesses equal-magnitude positive charge and the neutron have neutral or has no charge at all. As we rub the rubber comb with woolen cloth,the comb acquires its negative charge because some of the electrons on the wool are rubbed off on to the comb;the cloth then has an insufficient number of electrons to maintain its electrical neutrality and thus behaves as a positive charge. When electrons are removed from the substance,that substance becomes a positively charged and the substance acquiring electrons from the other substance becomes a negatively charged. The basic unit of the charge,called the ...
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Voltage Regulator and Review of Basic DC-DC Voltage Regulators

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Voltage Regulator  and Review of Basic DC-DC Voltage Regulators The regulated output DC voltage can be obtained using either linear power supply or switched mode power supply. Linear power supply consist of devices that operate in active regions to regulate the DC output voltage. the block diagram of linear power supply is shown in below figure: The transistor T1 is connected in series with the DC source voltage. Here note that the series transistor T1 operates in active region. The error amplifier compare the output voltage Vo(av) with set value Vref. The difference between Vo(av) and Vref is called error voltage. it is given to control circuit. The control circuit generates the base drive of T1 in such a ways that error voltage is zero this means Vo(av)=Vref The output voltage Vo(av)=Vs-Vce. This means the transistor T1 has the power loss of Vce x io. This loss takes place continuously across T1. Because of this reason, linear power supply has re...
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